Pyramid construction ......

Egyptian pyramid construction techniques - Limestone concrete hypothesis

Materials scientist Joseph Davidovits has claimed that the blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but mostly a form of limestone concrete and that they were "cast" as with modern concrete. According to this hypothesis, soft limestone with a high kaolinite content was quarried in the wadi on the south of the Giza Plateau. The limestone was then dissolved in large, Nile-fed pools until it became a watery slurry. Lime (found in the ash of cooking fires) and natron (also used by the Egyptians in mummification) was mixed in. The pools were then left to evaporate, leaving behind a moist, clay-like mixture. This wet "concrete" would be carried to the construction site where it would be packed into reusable wooden moulds and in a few days would undergo a chemical reaction similar to the "setting" of concrete. New blocks, he suggests, could be cast in place, on top of and pressed against the old blocks. Proof-of-concept tests using similar compounds were carried out at a geopolymer institute in northern France and it was found that a crew of ten, working with simple hand tools, could build a structure of fourteen, 1.3- to 4.5-ton blocks in a couple of days. He also claims he found hieroglyphic texts stating they used this technology.



Davidovits' method is not accepted by the academic mainstream. His method deals only with limestone, and not with granite stones weighing well over 10 tons, which he says were carved. Geologists have carefully scrutinized Davidovits suggested technique and concluded his came from natural limestone quarried in the Mokattam Formation. However, Davidovits alleges that the bulk of soft limestone came from the same natural Mokkatam Formation quarries found by geologists, and insists that ancient Egyptians used the soft marly layer instead of the hard one to re-agglomerate stones.

Davidovits' hypothesis recently gained support from Michel Barsoum, a materials science researcher. Michel Barsoum and his colleagues at Drexel University published their findings supporting Davidovit's hypothesis in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society in 2006. They claim to have found particles and air cavities in pyramid limestone that do not occur in natural limestone.

這位叫 Joseph Davidovits 的法國化學家，提出了一個關於金字塔建造的全新見解，他認為，建造金字塔的巨石不是天然的，而是人工澆築的。他從一位考古學家那裡，得到 5 塊從埃及胡夫金字塔上取下的小石塊，對它們逐個加以化驗。出乎意料的是，化驗結果證明，這些石塊由貝殼石灰石組成。儘管考古證明，人類在幾千年前就已掌握混凝土製作技術，但這些貝殼石灰石澆築得如此堅如磐石，以至很難將它們與花崗岩區別開來，實在使人難以相信。

戴維杜維斯由此推測，當時古埃及人建造金字塔是採用『化整為零』的辦法，即將攪拌好的混凝土裝進筐子，抬上或背上正在建造中的金字塔。這樣，只要掌握一定的技術，就能澆築出一塊一塊的巨石，將塔一層一層加高，這種做法既“省力”又省工，據他估計，當時在工地上勞動的人僅有 1500 人，而不是像希羅多德所說的那樣每批都有 10 萬人。

更出乎意料之外的是，這位法國科學家還在石塊中發現了一縷一英寸長的人頭髮。這縷頭髮可能就是他們辛勤勞動和燦爛智慧的見證。但上述這些說法都還是一些推測。